Developing cash waqf models for Baitul Maal wat Tamwil as integrated Islamic social and commercial microfinance

PurposeThis study aims to develop cash waqf models for Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT), a special Islamic microfinance institution in Indonesia, combining Islamic social finance in Baitul Maal (house of wealth) division and Islamic commercial finance in Baitut Tamwil (house of asset development) division, as integrated Islamic social and commercial microfinance in Indonesia, to achieve triple bottom-line, including outreach, sustainability and welfare impact. Design/methodology/approachThis study uses Delphi and analytic network process methods, with three groups of relevant respondents, including experts (academic), BMT practitioners and regulators. FindingsThe results show that the best cash waqf model for BMT is "BMT as Nazir (waqf manager) and also as cash waqf receiver Lembaga Keuangan Syariah Penerima Wakaf Uang (LKSPWU)", followed by "BMT Association as representative Nazir of several certified BMTs". Moreover, "long-term investment deposit" is the best to account cash waqf in the BMT balance sheet. With regard to financing, the most preferred one is "financing to regular Micro and Small Enterprises" of BMT members. Research limitations/implicationsHaving allowed BMT to be Nazir (waqf manager), this research might only benefit Indonesian policymakers, such as the Financial Services Authority and the Ministry of Cooperatives, BMTs and the National Waqf Board. But it may also benefit other countries which have similar characteristics. Practical implicationsBMTs could adopt several alternatives of best models in managing cash waqf most appropriate for their specific conditions. Social implicationsThe management of cash waqf by BMT could help the social activities of the Baitul Maal through social cash waqf and, indirectly, by productive cash waqf. Originality/valueStudies have been limited, and to the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no specific study discussing the integrated cash waqf model, cash waqf account and cash waqf investment appropriate for BMT.