Advanced breast cancer metastasized in the brain: treatment standards and innovations

Breast cancer continues to be a difficult disease to treat due to high rates of metastasis. Metastasis to the brain presents a unique and often overlooked challenge. In this focused review, we discuss the epidemiology of breast cancer and which types frequently metastasize to the brain. Novel treatment approaches are highlighted with supporting scientific evidence. The role of the blood-brain barrier and how it may become altered with metastasis is addressed. We then highlight new innovations for Her2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer. Finally, recent directions for luminal breast cancer are discussed. This review serves to enhance understanding of pathophysiology, spark continued innovation, and provide a user-friendly resource through tables and easy-to -process figures.