Hydrogenated amorphous carbon films deposited using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition processes

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) is a class of amorphous carbon with more than 30% hydrogen content and containing sp(2) as well as sp(3) carbon atoms. It is widely used as a hard mask in semiconductor device fabrication, protective coatings, lubricants, and biomedical applications. The properties of a-C:H films are known to be strongly dependent on the carbon bonding structure and are characterized using the sp(2)/sp(3) carbon hybridization ratio. The a-C:H films are typically deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) processes, and this review summarizes and discusses the relationship between the sp(2)/sp(3) ratio of a-C:H and plasma characteristics. The effects of temperature, radical density, ion density, and ion energy on the sp(2)/sp(3) ratio of a-C:H are investigated and summarized.