Urban aerosol particulate matter promotes mitochondrial oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence in human retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 cells

Environmental exposure to urban particulate matter (UPM) is a serious health concern worldwide. Although several studies have linked UPM to ocular diseases, no study has reported effects of UPM exposure on senescence in retinal cells. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of UPM on senescence and regulatory signaling in human retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 cells. Our study demonstrated that UPM significantly promoted senescence, with increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity. Moreover, both mRNA and protein levels of senescence markers (p16 and p21) and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, including IL-1 beta, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and -3 were upregulated. Notably, UPM increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-dependent nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation during senescence. In contrast, use of NF-kappa B inhibitor Bay 11-7082 reduced the level of senescence markers. Taken together, our results provide the first in vitro preliminary evidence that UPM induces senescence by promoting mitochondrial oxidative stress-mediated NF-kappa B activation in ARPE-19 cells.