Recent progress in biotechnological approaches for diverse applications of algae: an overview

Algae, prominent primary producers in both marine and terrestrial biotopes, play integral roles in numerous biological and ecological processes. Despite their significant potential in industry and agriculture, particularly in producing valuable products in high demand, their comprehensive utilization remains underexplored. In this review, we aim to consolidate significant advancements in algal research, emphasizing their potential for industrial applications. We present a dual-focused exploration: firstly delving into molecular techniques that improve algae's capabilities for biomolecule production with pharmaceutical properties, CO2 sequestration, nanoparticle synthesis, and bioremediation; and secondly, investigating the burgeoning role of bioengineering strategies in magnifying the industrial applications of algae. Our findings reveal that the integration of omics studies, combined with interdisciplinary approaches, has notably augmented the adoption of algae biotechnology in the science and technology sectors. Given their critical role in aquaculture, human nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and the growing demand for primary metabolites, algae undeniably stand poised as a linchpin for future industrial innovations.