China's confucius institute and its European counterparts in Africa: A six-dimensional comparative study

In the field of international education and development, International Language and Culture Promotion Organisations (ILCPOs) have played an important part for more than a century. More than 40 countries and regions have set up such organisations. Despite the diversity of these ILCPOs, few comparative studies have been conducted to examine their operations and impacts. In contrast to the existing literature that usually evaluates the role of these organisations from the perspectives of cultural diplomacy, public diplomacy and soft power, this research proposes a 'smart power' analytical framework and compares China's Confucius Institute with its European counterparts - France's Alliance Francaise, the UK's British Council and Germany's Goethe-Institut - in Africa from six critical dimensions: relationship with parent countries; operational mode; accessibility to local people; scope of activities; main internal issues; and local people's needs, in an attempt to evaluate their operations and performance.