Unravelling the future changes in rainfall erosivity over India under shared socio-economic pathways

The rainfall erosivity index or R-factor is a climate-driven parameter affecting soil erosion. We studied the spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity over India for the historical (1951 - 2014) and two future periods (near future: 2015-2040; far future: 2041-2070) under two shared socio-economic pathways (SSP245 and SSP585). We used 15-minute rainfall datasets from 70-gauge stations to establish a relationship between rainfall erosivity estimated from 15-minute rainfall data and those estimated from 30 and 60-minute rainfall data. Further, we used 30,203 erosive storm rainfall data from 329 stations in India to estimate the daily rainfall erosivity model parameters. After that, annual rainfall erosivity values of 329 stations, nine bio-climatic variables, and a Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model were used to prepare rainfall erosivity maps for the historical and two future periods. The bias-corrected Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-6 (CMIP6) dataset of 13 models was used for deriving bioclimatic variables and rainfall erosivity estimation for the historical and future periods. We used the GPR model to find the historical period's mean annual rainfall erosivity value as 5225 MJ.mm.ha � 1.h- 1.year � 1. The result shows a +13 % and +15 % increase in the mean rainfall erosivity over India in the near future under SSP245 and SSP585 projected pathways compared to the historical period. The increase in erosivity values in the far future is even higher at +22 % and +31 % under SSP245, and SSP585 projected pathways, respectively. The northwestern and central India is likely to have a pronounced increase in rainfall erosivity in the far future. The change in rainfall erosivity due to climate change might substantially impact India's land and water resources, which is mainly an agrarian economy. The outcome of the present study could help in better planning and management of land and water resources in the upcoming decades.