Hierarchically coordinated optimization of power distribution systems with soft open points and electric vehicles

The integration of large-scale electric vehicles (EVs) into power distribution systems (PDSs) causes low voltage and line congestion problems. EV charger converters can improve the voltage profile by compensating the reactive power, whereas soft open points (SOPs) can transfer active power between branches and compensate reactive power, which can help balance the branch power. Therefore, this study proposes a coordinated dayahead (DA) and real-time (RT) optimization model for PDSs with SOPs and high penetration of EVs. In addition, directly controlling large-scale EVs is difficult for the distribution systems operator. Thus, hierarchical management of EVs is performed by using an EV aggregator (EVA) model. First, on the basis of the probability distribution of the state of EVs of each EVA, a DA optimization model with the minimum operation cost is established. A dynamic SOC boundary model is proposed to optimize active and reactive power of EVAs and EVs in RT stage. The original nonlinear problems of the DA and RT models are linearized by convex relaxation and linearization, which significantly improves the solving efficiency. Finally, the case studies demonstrate that SOPs can promote the integration of EVs, and the hierarchical coordinated optimization strategy not only can reduce the operation cost of the PDS, but also control active and reactive power of EVs in real time.