Impaired neural entrainment to low frequency amplitude modulations in English-speaking children with dyslexia or dyslexia and DLD

Neural synchronization to amplitude-modulated noise at three frequencies (2 Hz, 5 Hz, 8 Hz) thought to be important for syllable perception was investigated in English-speaking school-aged children. The theoretically -important delta-band (-2Hz, stressed syllable level) was included along with two syllable-level rates. The auditory steady state response (ASSR) was recorded using EEG in 36 7-to-12-year-old children. Half of the sample had either dyslexia or dyslexia and DLD (developmental language disorder). In comparison to typically -developing children, children with dyslexia or with dyslexia and DLD showed reduced ASSRs for 2 Hz stimu-lation but similar ASSRs at 5 Hz and 8 Hz. These novel data for English ASSRs converge with prior data sug-gesting that children with dyslexia have atypical synchrony between brain oscillations and incoming auditory stimulation at -2 Hz, the rate of stressed syllable production across languages. This atypical synchronization likely impairs speech processing, phonological processing, and possibly syntactic processing, as predicted by Temporal Sampling theory.