Can hot water injection with chemical additives be an alternative to steam injection: Static and dynamic experimental evidence

Steam injection has been proven to be a technically reliable and economically successful heavy oil recovery technique. However, the large amount of energy that is required to generate the steam, the high operational cost, as well as the environmental concerns are hindering the future applications of steam flooding. Reducing steam consumption and the associated greenhouse gas emissions in thermal-based heavy oil recovery methods is a great challenge in the heavy oil industry. A possible alternative to steam injection is hot water injection with chemical additives, especially in heavy oil reservoirs with some degree of mobility. In this paper, we performed static and dynamic evaluations on both conventional and novel chemicals as hot water additives. First, laboratory screening and evaluation for chemicals as hot water additives were performed at both 21 ?C and 60 ?C. Chemicals tested include the following: Span 80, silicon dioxide, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), switchable hydrophilicity tertiary amine (SHTA), and deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The evaluation was based on four selection criteria: emulsion stability, viscosity change, thermal stability, and chemical cost. Second, selected chemicals were further tested as hot water additives in sand-pack flooding experiments. Based on the overall static evaluations, four chemicals were selected for sand-pack flooding experiments at hot water conditions: DES 4, DES 9, SHTA, and SiO2 c. DES 11 and DTPA can still be used as alternatives, at least for core scale experimentations, but the extremely high cost can be a serious limitation to consider when assessing these chemicals for field trials. Dynamic sand-pack flooding experiments showed that all selected chemical additives could significantly improve the recovery factor compared to the hot water or steam injection without chemicals. The recovery factors of hot water injection with selected chemical additives reached 67 %-80.5 % which were much higher than that of steam injection without chemicals (38.8 %). Emulsification was found to be an important recovery mechanism of chemical additives in hot water flooding. The experimental results provided evidence that hot water injection with chemical additives might work as a good alternative to steam injection in improving the heavy oil recovery, reducing the cost, and lessening the environmental impact.