A State-of-the-Art Review on Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) affects many patients worldwide every year. It represents a leading cause of hospitalization and still, today, mortality remains high, albeit the progress in treatment strategies. Several factors contribute to the development and progression of HF. Among these, sleep apnea syndrome represents a common but still underestimated factor because its prevalence is substantially higher in patients with HF than in the general population and is related to a worse prognosis. This review summarizes the current knowl-edge about sleep apnea syndrome coexisting with HF in terms of morbidity and mortality to provide actual and future perspectives about the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of this association. (c) 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. (Am J Cardiol 2023;195:57-69)