Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals Immune Education promotes T cell survival in mice subjected to the cecal ligation and puncture sepsis model

Background Individual T cell responses vary significantly based on the microenvironment present at the time of immune response and on prior induced T cell memory. While the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model is the most commonly used murine sepsis model, the contribution of diverse T cell responses has not been explored. We defined T cell subset responses to CLP using single-cell RNA sequencing and examined the effects of prior induced T cell memory (Immune Education) on these responses. We hypothesized that Immune Education prior to CLP would alter T cell responses at the single cell level at a single, early post-CLP time point.Methods Splenic T cells were isolated from C57BL/6 mice. Four cohorts were studied: Control, Immune-Educated, CLP, and Immune-Educated CLP. At age 8 weeks, Immune-Educated and Immune-Educated CLP mice received anti-CD3 epsilon antibody; Control and CLP mice were administered an isotype control. CLP (two punctures with a 22-gauge needle) was performed at 12-13 weeks of life. Mice were sacrificed at baseline or 24-hours post-CLP. Unsupervised clustering of the transcriptome library identified six distinct T cell subsets: quiescent naive CD4+, primed naive CD4+, memory CD4+, naive CD8+, activated CD8+, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell subsets. T cell subset specific gene set enrichment analysis and Hurdle analysis for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were performed.Results T cell responses to CLP were not uniform - subsets of activated and suppressed T cells were identified. Immune Education augmented specific T cell subsets and led to genomic signatures favoring T cell survival in unoperated and CLP mice. Additionally, the combination of Immune Education and CLP effected the expression of genes related to T cell activity in ways that differed from CLP alone. Validating our finding that IL7R pathway markers were upregulated in Immune-Educated CLP mice, we found that Immune Education increased T cell surface IL7R expression in post-CLP mice.Conclusion Immune Education enhanced the expression of genes associated with T cell survival in unoperated and CLP mice. Induction of memory T cell compartments via Immune Education combined with CLP may increase the model's concordance to human sepsis.