Spatiotemporal cortical dynamics for visual scene processing as revealed by EEG decoding

The human visual system rapidly recognizes the categories and global properties of complex natural scenes. The present study investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of neural signals involved in visual scene processing using electroencephalography (EEG) decoding. We recorded visual evoked potentials from 11 human observers for 232 natural scenes, each of which belonged to one of 13 natural scene categories (e.g., a bedroom or open country) and had three global properties (naturalness, openness, and roughness). We trained a deep convolutional classification model of the natural scene categories and global properties using EEGNet. Having confirmed that the model successfully classified natural scene categories and the three global properties, we applied Grad-CAM to the EEGNet model to visualize the EEG channels and time points that contributed to the classification. The analysis showed that EEG signals in the occipital electrodes at short latencies (approximately 80 similar to ms) contributed to the classifications, whereas those in the frontal electrodes at relatively long latencies (200 similar to ms) contributed to the classification of naturalness and the individual scene category. These results suggest that different global properties are encoded in different cortical areas and with different timings, and that the combination of the EEGNet model and Grad-CAM can be a tool to investigate both temporal and spatial distribution of natural scene processing in the human brain.