Muscone promotes functional recovery by facilitating microglia polarization into M2 phenotype through PPAR-? pathway after ischemic stroke

Exploring regimens to facilitate microglia transformation from M1 to M2 phenotype is a feasible strategy to suppress neuroinflammation, therefore reinforcing functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Muscone easily crosses the blood brain barrier (BBB) and distributes throughout the brain. Here, the results illustrated the administration of 8 mg/kg muscone promoted functional recovery through reducing the infarct volume by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining after ischemic stroke in mice. Then, the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), was significantly decreased, whereas the level of anti-inflammatory agents including C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (CXCL1), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) was obviously elevated in penumbra with the treatment of 8 mg/kg muscone using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. Subsequently, the results showed the application of muscone upregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated re-ceptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) to facilitate microglia transformation into M2 phenotype using RT-qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. Collectively, the present study provides evidence for our hypothesis that muscone intensifies microglia transformation into M2 phenotype via activating PPAR-gamma signaling pathway in penumbra after ischemic stroke. These findings demonstrate muscone is a promising candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke.