Potentially toxic metals in irrigation water, soil, and vegetables and their health risks using Monte Carlo models

被引:15
作者
Orosun, Muyiwa Michael [1 ,2 ]
Nwabachili, Samuel [2 ]
Alshehri, Reem F. [3 ]
Omeje, Maxwell [4 ]
Alshdoukhi, Ibtehaj F. [5 ]
Okoro, Hussein K. [6 ]
Ogunkunle, Clement O. [7 ]
Louis, Hitler [8 ,11 ]
Abdulhamid, Fakoya A. [2 ]
Osahon, Stephen Erhonmonsele [2 ]
Mohammed, Adamu Usman [9 ]
Ehinlafa, Emmanuel Olusegun [2 ]
Yunus, Sodiq Omotayo [2 ]
Ife-Adediran, Oluwatobi [10 ]
机构
[1] Univ Ilorin, Phys Dept, Radiat Hlth & Environm Phys Grp, Ilorin, Nigeria
[2] Univ Ilorin, Dept Phys, Ilorin, Nigeria
[3] Taibah Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Chem, Medina, Saudi Arabia
[4] Covenant Univ, Dept Phys, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
[5] King Saud Bin Abdulaziz Univ Hlth Sci, Coll Sci & Hlth Profess, King Abdullah Int Med Res Ctr, Dept Basic Sci, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
[6] Univ Ilorin, Dept Ind Chem, Ilorin, Nigeria
[7] Univ Ilorin, Dept Plant Biol, Ilorin, Nigeria
[8] Univ Calabar, Dept Chem, Calabar, Nigeria
[9] Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Univ, Dept Appl Geol, Bauchi, Nigeria
[10] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
[11] Saveetha Univ, Saveetha Inst Med & Tech Sci, Saveetha Dent Coll & Hosp, Dept Res Analyt, Chennai, India
关键词
PADDY FIELDS;
D O I
10.1038/s41598-023-48489-4
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
Food safety has become a serious global concern because of the accumulation of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in crops cultivated on contaminated agricultural soils. Amongst these toxic elements, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) receive worldwide attention because of their ability to cause deleterious health effects. Thus, an assessment of these toxic metals in the soils, irrigation waters, and the most widely consumed vegetables in Nigeria; Spinach (Amaranthushybridus), and Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The mean concentration (measured in mg kg(-1)) of the PTMs in the soils was in the sequence Cr (81.77) > Pb(19.91) > As(13.23) > Cd(3.25), exceeding the WHO recommended values in all cases. This contamination was corroborated by the pollution evaluation indices. The concentrations (measured in mg l(-1)) of the PTMs in the irrigation water followed a similar pattern i.e. Cr(1.87) > Pb(1.65) > As(0.85) > Cd(0.20). All the PTMs being studied, were found in the vegetables with Cr (5.37 and 5.88) having the highest concentration, followed by Pb (3.57 and 4.33), and As (1.09 and 1.67), while Cd (0.48 and 1.04) had the lowest concentration (all measured in mg kg(-1)) for cabbage and spinach, respectively. The concentration of the toxic metals was higher in spinach than in cabbage, which may be due to the redistribution of the greater proportion of the metals above the ground tissue, caused by the bioavailability of metals in the aqueous phase. Expectedly, the hazard index (HI),and carcinogenic risk values of spinach were higher than that of cabbage. This implies that spinach poses potentially higher health risks. Similarly, the Monte Carlo simulation results reveal that the 5th percentile, 95th percentile, and 50th percentile of the cumulative probability of cancer risks due to the consumption of these vegetables exceeds the acceptable range of 1.00E-6 and 1.00E-4. Thus, the probable risk of a cancerous effect is high, and necessary remedial actions are recommended.
引用
收藏
页数:18
相关论文
共 58 条
[1]   Heavy Metal Contamination of Irrigation Water, Soil, and Vegetables and the Difference between Dry and Wet Seasons Near a Multi-Industry Zone in Bangladesh [J].
Ahmed, Minhaz ;
Matsumoto, Masaru ;
Ozaki, Akinori ;
Nguyen Van Thinh ;
Kurosawa, Kiyoshi .
WATER, 2019, 11 (03)
[2]  
Ayers R.S., 1994, WATER QUALITY AGR
[3]   Cotransport of heavy metals and SiO2 particles at different temperatures by seepage [J].
Bai, Bing ;
Nie, Qingke ;
Zhang, Yike ;
Wang, Xiaolong ;
Hu, Wei .
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY, 2021, 597
[4]  
Balogun O. B., 2019, NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics, V8, P22, DOI 10.1080/20909977.2019.1615795
[5]  
Chen Z.-S., 1999, SELECTING INDICATORS
[6]  
City population, 2006, The population development in Kwara as well as related information and services
[7]  
ECS-European Committee for Standardization, 2010, Draft prEN 16174, CEN/TC 400
[8]   Risk analysis of heavy metal contamination in soil, vegetables and fish around Challawa area in Kano State, Nigeria [J].
Edogbo, Blessing ;
Okolocha, Emmanuel ;
Maikai, Betty ;
Aluwong, Tagang ;
Uchendu, Chidiebere .
SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN, 2020, 7
[9]  
Emurotu J., 2017, NIGERIA ENV SYST RES, V6, P1, DOI DOI 10.1186/S40068-017-0098-1
[10]  
FAO/WHO, 2011, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods Fifth Session, P2011