Wastewater inputs reduce the CO2 uptake by coastal oceans

Every year a large quantity of wastewater is generated worldwide, but its influence on the carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by coastal oceans is not well understood. Here, sea surface CO2 partial pressure (pCO(2)) and air-sea CO2 flux were examined in the Jiaozhou Bay (JZB), a temperate coastal bay strongly disturbed by wastewater inputs. Monthly surveys from April 2014 through March 2015 showed that surface pCO2 in the JZB substantially varied both temporally and spatially between 163 mu atm and 1222 mu atm, with an annual average of 573 mu atm. During April-December, surface pCO2 was oversaturated with respect to the atmosphere, with high values exceeding 1000 mu atm in the northeastern part of the bay, where seawater salinity was low mainly due to the inputs of wastewater with salinity close to zero. During January-March, surface pCO(2) was undersaturated, with the lowest value of <200 mu atm also mainly in the northeastern part because of low water temperature and strong biological production. Over an annual cycle, apparently sea surface temperature dominated the monthly variation of surface pCO(2) in this shallow bay, while wastewater inputs and related biological production/respiration dominated its spatial variability. Overall, the JZB was a net CO2 source to the atmosphere, emitting 9.6 +/- 10.8 mmol C m(-2) d(-1), unlike its adjacent western part of the Yellow Sea and most of the temperate coastal oceans which are a net CO2 sink. This was possibly associated with wastewater inputs that cause high sea surface pCO(2) via direct inputs of CO2 and degradation of organic matter. Thus, from this viewpoint reducing wastewater discharge or lowering CO2 levels in discharged wastewater may be important paths to enhancing the CO2 uptake by coastal oceans in the future.