Dietary Factors Associated with Glycemic Control in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that results from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells, leading to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. It is a common chronic disease in childhood, with a prevalence of 1 in 300 children in the United States and an increasing incidence of 2-5% annually, worldwide. Managing T1DM requires regular insulin administration, adjustment of food intake and exercise, and a comprehensive understanding of nutrition. This review aims to explore the relationship between dietary factors, physical activity, obesity, genetics, and glycemic control in children and adolescents with T1DM. To conduct this review, we conducted a thorough search of publications from December 2004 through April 2022 using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Embase databases. Key topics included obesity, children, adolescents, nutrients, carbohydrates, proteins, fat, water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins, dietary patterns, fruits and vegetables, physical activity, genetics, food habits, carbohydrate count and environmental factors.