Using just a canopy height model to obtain lidar-level accuracy in 3D forest canopy shortwave transmissivity estimates

This study presents a new model for calculating canopy shortwave radiation transmissivity from synthetic hemispheric images using only information contained within a canopy height model (CHM) - Can-opyHeightModel2Radiation (C2R). The enhanced version calculates synthetic hemispherical images based on the geometric arrangement of the surrounding canopy while applying a statistical correction for canopy trans-missivity using canopy thickness and tree species leaf area. The simple input data and statistical correction make this model suitable for estimating canopy transmissivity across large spatial extents typical of land surface models for which canopy transmissivity or radiation is a primary input variable. Performance of C2R-enhanced is assessed against hemispherical photographs, and compared to a basic version of C2R without transmissivity correction, and two versions of a Lidar2Radiation model (L2R-enhanced, L2R-basic) with either a basic repre-sentation of canopy structure or an enhanced representation including trunks and branches within tree crowns. The two enhanced models (L2R-enhanced and C2R-enhanced) perform best compared to hemispherical photo-graphs, while the L2R-basic and C2R-basic models over-and underestimate canopy transmissivity, respectively. At 1-meter and 10-minute resolution, the two enhanced models perform similarly, but exact timing and location of transmissivity controlled by canopy structure is better represented in the physically explicit L2R-enhanced model. Across hourly and 25 x 25 m grid-averaged scales, both enhanced models achieve similar estimates of canopy transmissivity. Based on these results, it is recommended that the purely physically-based representation in the L2R-enhanced model is used when estimates of canopy transmissivity at high spatial and temporal (meter and minute) resolutions are necessary, while the computationally more efficient C2R-enhanced model is used when calculating canopy transmissivity within spatially aggregated grid cells, for example, as input into coarser -resolution land surface models. Incorporating C2R-enhanced into existing forest energy balance models creates exciting opportunities for investigating forest structure changes on forest hydrology and ecosystems across previously impossible spatial extents.