Characteristics and occupational risk assessment of occupational silica-dust and noise exposure in ferrous metal foundries in Ningbo, China

IntroductionTo investigate the major existing occupational hazards and to assess the occupational health risks for ferrous metal foundries (FMFs) in Ningbo, China. MethodsUnified questionnaires were formulated to investigate the information on the basic situations, occupational hazards, and occupational health management for 193 FMFs in Ningbo. Furthermore, we used the semi-quantitative risk assessment model, which was developed by the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), to assess occupational health risks for 59 of 193 the FMFs. ResultsThe casting process of FMFs in Ningbo was mainly divided into sand casting and investment casting, and silica-dust and noise were the major occupational hazards in both sand casting and investment casting foundries. Silica-dust mainly occurred in industries with such work as sand handling, modeling, falling sand, and sand cleaning, with the median of the permissible concentration-time weighted average (PC-TWA) was 0.80, 1.15, 3.52, 0.83 mg/m(3), respectively. The noise mainly existed in industries with such work as sand handling, core making, falling sand, sand cleaning, cutting and grinding, and smelting with median of PC-TWA was 81.72 dB(A), 82.93 dB(A), 90.75 dB(A), 80.18 dB(A), 90.05 dB(A), 82.70 dB(A), respectively. In addition, the results of the ICMM assessment model indicated that 100 and 98.7% of the jobs exposed to silica-dust and noise in 59 FMFs have an "intolerable risk" level of risks of causing pneumoconiosis and noise deaf, respectively. DiscussionThe hazard risk of silica-dust and noise is serious for FMFs in Ningbo. It is necessary to supervise enterprises to improve operating environmental conditions, accelerate the reduction of silica-dust and noise exposure risks, and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the foundry industry.