Design optimization and power management of a fuel cell-battery fixed-wing electric UAV

This study aims for endurance improvement and energy saving by addressing, on the one hand, the design optimization (DO) of a hybrid electric source (HES) consisting of a fuel cell (FC) and a battery, intended for a fixed-wing electric UAV (EUAV) and, on the other hand, the power management (PM) of the sources. The DO employed the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, which determines the FC power and the battery capacity that offer the sources the least weight; the findings resulted in a weight reduction of 8%; this gain saves a total energy of 90.28 kJ that can extend the "endurance stage" by more than 26 min. Three power management strategies (PMS) are examined: frequency separation (FS), which gives good performance in PM and protects the FC from dehydration by smoothing its response; power limitation (PL) which protects the FC from exceeding its maximum power, and fuzzy logic (FL), which allows for more flexible power distribution between the sources and has the main advantage of controlling the battery state of charge (SOC). A fourth strategy was developed by combining the benefits of these three strategies. This hybrid PMS (HPMS) saves 2% of FC energy compared to the FL strategy. FS and PL save, respectively, 41% and 44% of FC energy, but the SOC can drop significantly, especially for longer missions. The experimental findings, achieved using a laboratory test bench, validate the simulated results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink software, confirming the validity and performance of the proposed HPMS.