Mitral annular disjunction: Beyond mitral valve prolapse

Mitral annular disjunction (MAD) is an easily identifiable entity on transthoracic echocardiography, but is still poorly recognized or ignored. It is often associated with mitral valve prolapse and is itself a risk marker for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, but the management and risk stratification of these patients is not systematized. Two clinical cases of MAD associated with mitral valve prolapse and ventricular arrhythmias are presented. The first case is of a patient with a history of surgical intervention on the mitral valve due to Barlow's disease. He presented to the emergency department with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia requiring emergent electrical cardioversion. MAD with transmural fibrosis at the level of the inferolateral wall was documented. The second report is of a young woman with palpitations and frequent premature ventricular contractions on Holter with documentation of valvular prolapse and MAD, and focuses on the risk stratification approach. The present article offers a review of the literature regarding the arrhythmic risk of MAD and mitral valve prolapse, as well as a review of risk stratification in these patients. (c) 2023 Published by Elsevier Espan similar to a, S.L.U. on behalf of Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).