The Representation of Surgery in Oncology Clinical Trials: 2001 to 2022

BackgroundSurgery is a mainstay of cancer care. Since the advancement of cancer treatment occurs through clinical trials, it is critical to investigate the degree and nature of representation of surgery in oncological clinical trials.MethodsThis observational analysis used publicly available data from clinicaltrials.gov to investigate non-industry-funded oncological clinical trials in the United States between 2012 and 2022.ResultsFrom 2012 to 2022, 1,861 (15.7%) of the 11,843 registered oncologic clinical trials were surgical. There was a 43.2% increase in proportional surgical trials and an 18.9% increase in oncology trials over the last two decades. Surgery+diagnostic-technique trials increased from 5.14 to 12.6% (P < 0.001, 95%CI [- 0.097, - 0.052]), surgery+radiation trials increased from 5.24 to 8.1% (P = 0.004, 95%CI [- 0.047, - 0.0088]), surgery+systemic-therapy trials decreased from 34.5 to 29.2% (P = 0.003, 95%CI [0.018, 0.088]), surgery+supportive-therapy trials increased from 8.0 to 11.3% (P = 0.004, 95%CI [- 0.056, - 0.01]) and 'surgery-as-the-variable' trials decreased from 12.0 to 3.5% (P < 0.001, 95%CI[0.065, 0.1]). Systemic therapy with biologics increased from 38.1 to 53.9% (P < 0.001, 95%CI [- 0.22, - 0.091]). Surgery-vs.-no-surgery trials increased from 16.8 to 37.3% (P = 0.001, 95%CI [- 0.32, - 0.078]).ConclusionSurgical oncology trials increased by 43.2% over the last 10 years. The focus of clinical trials is changing to the encouragement of innovation in more diagnostic and less invasive techniques, and targeted therapies.