Melatonin decreases IRF-3 protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle, reduces IL-1β and LPS plasma concentrations, and improves the lipid profile in rats with apical periodontitis fed on a high-fat diet

To evaluate the effects of melatonin (MEL) on the expression of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4); myeloid differentiation primary response protein-88 (MyD88); TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-beta (TRIF); IFN regulatory-factor-3 (IRF-3); nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappa B); plasma concentrations of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS); and lipid profile of rats with apical periodontitis (AP) fed on a high-fat diet (HFD). Eighty 60-day-old rats were divided into eight groups: control, AP, HFD, HFDAP, CNMEL, APMEL, HFDMEL and HFDAPMEL. HFD groups were fed on a HFD for 107 days. On day 7, experimental AP was induced in the AP groups, and after 70 days, MEL (5 mg/kg) was administered to the MEL groups for 30 days. Plasma concentrations of LPS and IL-1 beta were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the lipid profile was analyzed using biochemical tests. The expression of proteins involved in the TLR4 pathway (TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, IRF-3 and NF-kappa B) in the gastrocnemius muscle (GM) was evaluated using western blotting and qRT-PCR. Treatment with MEL decreased IRF-3 protein expression in GM and IL-1 beta plasma concentration in the APMEL and HFDMEL groups. Reduction in LPS plasma concentration was reported only in the HFDMEL group. Additionally, a decrease in LDL and an increase in HDL were observed in the HFDMEL and HFDAPMEL groups. Treatment with MEL exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperlipidemic effects attributed to HFD and AP by reducing the plasma concentrations of IL-1 beta and LPS in addition to reducing IRF-3 protein expression in the GM, which is associated with the production of inflammatory cytokines.