Extraction of the kinetics information from single-particle electrochemical measurements of active materials for metal-ion batteries

A variety of electrochemical detection methods at single -particle scale have been utilized to investigate the ion (de) intercalation kinetics in metal-ion batteries (MIBs) to determine the rate performance, unveiling intrinsic electrochemical properties of the active materials to avoid the effect brought from the composite electrodes. However, challenge remains as how to effectively distinguish the contribution from the ion transport and the electron transfer to the limiting step deter-mining the rate performance of the active particles. In this mini -review, three types of data analysis models for single-particle electrochemical measurements are summarized, from which key kinetics information can be obtained for MIB processes.