Intercalation Engineering of 2D Materials at Macroscale for Smart Human-Machine Interface and Double-Layer to Faradaic Charge Storage for Ions Separation

2D materials have attracted considerable attention in the past decade for their superlative physical properties. Lightweight foam from 2D materials can reduce the use of raw materials, save energy in processing the material and downregulate the carbon emission. Self-assembling of graphene nanosheets results in 3D porous lightweight foam resembling hydrogels, aerogels, and xerogels. Hierarchical graphene architecture provides an uninterrupted path to electrons and phonon transport conforms to eligibility for developing sensor, energy storage, and energy conversion devices. Artificial intelligence (AI) originates from human-machine interaction and physiological signal reception which requires a large sensing range that illustrates to healthcare surveillance with wearable devices. Spongy architectures with flexibility and reversible compressibility act as a good candidate for pressure sensing for a wide range of real-time human health monitoring systems by using artificial intelligence. In this review, the new perspective of emerging 2D materials (such as MXene, and borophene) along with the investigation of the graphene foam structure is demonstrated. Electrosorption of salt-ions under foam electrode are reviewed in the context of electrochemical stability recycling ability, and efficiency of adsorption-desorption. Beyond these, remaining challenges are depicted for emerging 2D-materials of interest for health monitoring sensors and flexible supercapacitors for promising research directions.