Dose Escalation Pharmacokinetic Study of Intranasal Atomized Dexmedetomidine in Pediatric Patients With Congenital Heart Disease

BACKGROUND:Atomized intranasal dexmedetomidine is an attractive option when sedation is required for pediatric patients as either premedication or the sole agent for noninvasive, nonpainful procedures. While intranasal dexmedetomidine is used frequently in this population, it is still unclear what dose and time of administration relative to the procedure will result in the optimal effect. Knowledge regarding the maximum concentration (C-max) and time to reach maximum concentration (T-max) of intranasally administered dexmedetomidine is the first step toward this. The risk of hemodynamic instability caused by increasing doses of dexmedetomidine necessitates a greater understanding of the pharmacokinetics in children. METHODS:Sixteen pediatric patients 2 to 6 years of age undergoing elective cardiac catheterization received 2 or 4 mu g/kg dexmedetomidine intranasally. Plasma concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with a validated assay. Descriptive noncompartmental analysis provided estimates of peak concentrations and time to reach peak concentrations. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Simulations were performed using the final model to assess dose concentrations with an alternative dosing regimen of 3 mu g/kg. RESULTS:A median peak plasma concentration of 413 pg/mL was achieved 91 minutes after 2 mu g/kg dosing, and a median peak plasma concentration of 1000 pg/mL was achieved 54 minutes after 4 mu g/kg dosing. A 1-compartment pharmacokinetic model adequately described the data. Three subjects in the 4 mu g/kg dosing cohort achieved a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), defined as a plasma dexmedetomidine concentration >1000 pg/mL. None of these subjects had any significant hemodynamic consequences. Simulations showed that no subjects would experience a level >1000 pg/mL when using a dose of 3 mu g/kg. CONCLUSIONS:Concentrations associated with adequate sedation can be achieved with intranasal dexmedetomidine doses of 2 to 4 mu g/kg in children 2 to 6 years of age. However, 50% of our evaluable subjects in this cohort reached a plasma concentration >1000 pg/mL. Doses of 3 mu g/kg may be optimal in this population, with simulated concentrations remaining below this previously established toxicity threshold. Further studies correlating concentrations with efficacy and adverse effects are needed.