Optical properties and simple forcing efficiency of the organic aerosols and black carbon emitted by residential wood burning in rural central Europe

Recent years have seen an increase in the use of wood for energy production of over 30 %, and this trend is expected to continue due to the current energy crisis and geopolitical instability. At present, residential wood burning (RWB) is one of the most important sources of organic aerosols (OAs) and black carbon (BC), posing a significant risk to air quality and health. Simultaneously, as a substantial aerosol source, RWB also holds relevance in the context of aerosol radiative effects and climate. While BC is recognized for its large light absorption cross-section, the role of OAs in light absorption is still under evaluation due to their heterogeneous composition and source-dependent optical properties. Existing studies that characterize wood-burning aerosol emissions in Europe primarily concentrate on urban and background sites and focus on BC properties. Despite the significant RWB emissions in rural areas, these locations have received comparatively less attention. The present scenario underscores the imperative for an improved understanding of RWB pollution, aerosol optical properties, and their subsequent connection to climate impacts, particularly in rural areas.We have characterized atmospheric aerosol particles from a central European rural site during wintertime in the village of Retje in Loski Potok, Slovenia, from 1 December 2017 to 7 March 2018. The village experienced extremely high aerosol concentrations produced by RWB and near-ground temperature inversion. The isolated location of the site and the substantial local emissions made it an ideal laboratory-like place for characterizing RWB aerosols with low influence from non-RWB sources under ambient conditions. The mean mass concentrations of OA and BC were 35 mu gm-3 (max=270 mu gm-3) and 3.1 mu gm-3 (max=24 mu gm-3), respectively. The mean total particle number concentration (10-600 nm) was 9.9x103 particles cm-3 (max=59x103 particles cm-3). The mean total light absorption coefficients at 370 and 880 nm measured by an AE33 Aethalometer were 120 and 22 Mm-1 and had maximum values of 1100 and 180 Mm-1, respectively. The aerosol concentrations and absorption coefficients measured during the campaign in Loski Potok were significantly larger than reported values for several urban areas in the region with larger populations and a larger extent of aerosol sources.Here, considerable contributions from brown carbon (BrC) to the total light absorption were identified, reaching up to 60 % and 48 % in the near-UV (370 nm) and blue (470 nm) wavelengths. These contributions are up to 3 times higher than values reported for other sites impacted by wood-burning emissions. The calculated mass absorption cross-section and the absorption angstrom ngstrom exponent for RWB OA were MACOA,370nm=2.4 m2 g-1, and AAEBrC,370-590nm=3.9, respectively.Simple-forcing-efficiency (SFE) calculations were performed as a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the climate impact of the RWB aerosols produced at the study site by integrating the optical properties measured during the campaign. The SFE results show a considerable forcing capacity from the local RWB aerosols, with a high sensitivity to OA absorption properties and a more substantial impact over bright surfaces like snow, typical during the coldest season with higher OA emissions from RWB. Our study's results are highly significant regarding air pollution, optical properties, and climate impact. The findings suggest that there may be an underestimation of RWB emissions in rural Europe and that further investigation is necessary.