From sunlight to power: Enhancing 4E performance with two-stage segmented thermoelectric generators in concentrated solar applications

This research investigates the Concentrated Solar Two-Stage Segmented Thermoelectric Generator (TSTEG) for efficient solar energy conversion. Through numerical optimization, the TSTEG's geometry parameters are fine-tuned to maximize performance under varying solar irradiances and heat transfer coefficients. A comprehensive 4E analysis evaluates key performance indicators: power output, exergy efficiency, entropy generation, CO2 savings per year, and dollar per watt. The results reveal optimized parameters, unlocking the TSTEG's full potential. The system achieves remarkable power generation of 41.12 W at a concentrated solar flux of 95 kWm(-2), with a heat transfer coefficient of 4 kWm(-2) K-1. Significant CO2 savings of 19.53 kgyr(-1) are achieved. Furthermore, the peak exergy efficiency of 9.52% was attained at a concentrated solar flux of 20 kWm(-2) and optimal semiconductor cross-sectional area of 0.01 mm(2). Moreover, for optimal economic operation, the lowest dollar per watt value of 0.16 $/W is obtained at an optimal skutterudite amount of 92.59% under 40 kWm(-2). These findings highlight the TSTEG's capacity for efficient power production and substantial carbon dioxide reduction, demonstrating its potential for sustainable and environmentally-friendly energy generation.