Multiple nitrogen sources for primary production inferred from δ13C and δ15N in the southern Sea of Japan

Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the Sea of Japan (SOJ) are rapidly changing. In this study, we investigated the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of particulate organic matter (delta(CPOM)-C-13 and delta(NPOM)-N-15, respectively) at depths of <= 100m in the southern part of the SOJ from 2016 to 2021. delta(CPOM)-C-13 and delta(NPOM)-N-15 exhibited multimodal distributions and were classified as belonging to four classes (II-V) according to the Gaussian mixed model. A majority of the samples were classified as class II (n = 441), with a mean +/- standard deviation of delta C-13(POM) and delta N-15(POM) of 23:7 +/- 1:2% and 3.1 +/- 1.2 %, respectively. Compared to class II, class I had significantly low delta N-15(POM) (-2:1 +/- 0:8 %, n = 11), class III had low ffi13CPOM (-27:1 +/- 1:0 %, n = 21), and class IV had high delta C-13(POM) (-20:7 +/- 0:8 %, n = 34). All the class I samples, whose delta N-15(POM) showed an outlier of total datasets, were collected in winter and had a comparable temperature and salinity originating in Japanese local rivers. The generalized linear model demonstrated that the temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration had positive effects on delta C-13(POM), supporting the idea that the active photosynthesis and phytoplankton growth increased delta C-13(POM). However, the fluctuation in delta N-15(POM) was attributed to the temperature and salinity rather than nitrate concentration, which suggested that the delta N-15 of source nitrogen for primary production is different among the water masses. These findings suggest that multiple nitrogen sources, including nitrates from the East China Sea, Kuroshio, and Japanese local rivers, contribute to the primary production in the SOJ.