Impact of North Indian Atmospheric Diabatic Heating on Summer Precipitation in Central Asia

The impact of North Indian atmospheric diabatic heating variation on summer rainfall over Central Asia (CA) at an interannual scale during 1960-2019 was investigated from thermal adaptation and water vapor transportation perspective. The results showed that more precipitation in southeastern CA is associated with the southward subtropical westerly jet (SWJ), caused by the ascending motion and weakened water vapor output on the south side. When the SWJ moves southward, the high-level water vapor transportation on the south side changes from outward (-1.9 3 106 kg s-1) to inward (0.6 3 106 kg s-1), and the positive anomalous relative vorticity advections by the basic westerly winds produce ascending anomalies over southeastern CA. The position change in the SWJ was mainly related to atmospheric diabatic heating over northern India (NI). The thermal vorticity adaptation caused by a weakened heating rate over NI leads to an anomalous upper-level cyclone over southeastern CA, and the associated cold temperature advection eventually cools the upper troposphere of southeastern CA and reduces the temperature gradient at mid-to-high latitudes, leading to the south-ward SWJ. Thermal adaptation of the circulation and temperature anomaly over southeastern CA to the NI thermal forc-ing were also verified by numerical experiments. Both the abnormal ascending motions and the weakened outward water vapor associated with the southward SWJ, caused by the weakened heating rate over NI, lead to more summer rainfall in southeastern CA. The changes in diabatic heating over NI are closely related to Indian Ocean SST. When the Indian Ocean SST is warmer, the south Asian summer monsoon weakens, causing less precipitation and, thus, a weakened heating rate over NI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study established that the northern Indian atmospheric diabatic heating anom-alies associated with Indian Ocean SST variation play an important role in influencing precipitation in central Asia (CA). The weakening of the atmospheric diabatic heating over the NI would not only cause an abnormal cyclone and cooling over southern CA through thermal adaptation but also lead to southward subtropical westerly jet (SWJ), as-cending motions, and decreased outward water vapor on the south side in southeastern CA, eventually resulting in more precipitation in southeastern CA. The results emphasize the influence of tropical SST and atmospheric heat sour-ces on midlatitude climate and are important for understanding summer precipitation change in southeastern CA.