Review on bioremediation technologies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil: Mechanisms and future perspective

Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) are a large class of organic compounds that contain two or more fused aro-matic rings form by the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous material. PAHs are ubiquitous pollutants that spread throughout the environment (atmosphere, soil, and water) and pose a serious threat to human cell and living organism. Due to its adverse effects, human PAH intakes must be continuously and consistently monitored. This review paper emphasis on successful and efficient application of bioremediation techniques (phytor-emediation, rhizoremediation, genetically modified organisms, other methods) for removal of PAHs from the environment. All the removal techniques are discussed in detail along with mechanistic understanding for the degradation of the pollutants. One section is fully dedicated to the research gaps in the available literatures along with pros and cons of the bioremediation techniques associated with PAH focusing on its field scale applications. The authors have also discussed the future perspective on the basis of scientific challenges associated with these removal techniques. The aim of this review is to provide information to readers on fruitful execution of biore-mediation techniques for removal of PAHs.