New and innovative microwave-assisted technology for synthesis of guar gum-grafted acrylamide hydrogel superabsorbent for the removal of acid red 8 dye from industrial wastewater

The goal of this study is to develop a new effective guar gum-grafted acrylamide hydrogel for wastewater treatment, abbreviated as (guar gum-g-acrylamide). For the non-biodegradable and hazardous synthetic acid red 8, the produced guar gum-g-acrylamide hydrogel is a promising thermally stable adsorbent. Microwave-aided technique, ammonium persulfate initiator, and N,N '-methylene-bis-acrylamide cross-linker are used to make a hydrogel comprising natural polysaccharides guar gum grafted by poly acrylamide. Fourier transformer infrared (FTIR) spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrate that varied percentages of acrylamide successfully graft the backbone of guar gum. When the grafting percentage of acrylamide is raised, the hydrogel's maximum adsorption capacity (qe) increases. At pH 1 of dye solution, maximum adsorption capacity (qe) is 18 mg.g(-1), at pH 9; qe is decreased up to 8 mg.g(-1). At 0.5 g.L-1 hydrogel, the dye has a low removal percentage (34%), but when the hydrogel dosage is increased to 8 g.L-1, the removal percentage increases to 90%. When the initial AR8 dye concentration was increased from 50 to 300 mg.L-1, the removal percentage reduced to 20% and the adsorbed quantity dye increased from 17 to 44 mg.g(-1), but both parameters became limited above this dye concentration. Other ideal conditions for AR8 dye removal by the hydrogel include 60 min of contact time, 150 revolutions per minute (rpm), and a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. The AR8 dye adsorption kinetic is pseudo-second order, assuming electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged AR8 dye molecules and the positively charged hydrogel-functional group. The adsorption values fit the Langmuir isotherm, with q(max). of 54.054 mg.g(-1). The adsorbed quantity (qe) decreases as the temperature rises, indicating that dye molecules physisorbed on the hydrogel pores, and the maximum adsorption capacity is at 20 degrees C. The exothermic and spontaneity of adsorption were confirmed by the negative values of heat of adsorption ( increment H degrees(ads.)) and standard Gibbs free energy of adsorption ( increment G degrees(ads.)). The reusability of the hydrogel was validated after three cycles of desorption of AR8 dye from the hydrogel surface in alkaline solution.