County-Level Factors Matter: The Role of Contextual Factors in Foster Youths' Extended Foster Care Participation and Human Capital Outcomes

Extended foster care (EFC) is an important policy that supports human capital attainment for foster youth transitioning to adult independence. Previous studies have examined youth- and policy-level factors' influence on EFC participation and human capital outcomes (e.g., education, employment). Still, few studies have examined contextual factors (e.g., county characteristics). We explore how local contexts, or county-level attributes, influence youths' EFC participation and human capital outcomes (i.e., postsecondary education enrollment and earnings). We analyze two datasets from California Youth Transitions to Adulthood Study: survey data with rich youth-level information (n = 529) and state child welfare administrative data with a larger sample size (n = 2392). After controlling for a wide range of youth characteristics and adjusting between-county variations, regression results find that several county characteristics predict youths' EFC participation and human capital outcomes at age 21, such as political atmosphere and worker's satisfaction with cross-system collaboration. We conclude with a discussion of implications for research and practice.