The Glutathione System: A Journey from Cyanobacteria to Higher Eukaryotes

被引:38
作者
Cassier-Chauvat, Corinne [1 ]
Marceau, Fanny [1 ]
Farci, Sandrine [1 ]
Ouchane, Soufian [1 ]
Chauvat, Franck [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Paris Saclay, Inst Integrat Biol Cell I2BC, CEA, CNRS, F-91190 Gif Sur Yvette, France
关键词
cyanobacteria; human; plants; glutathione; glutaredoxins; glutathione-S-transferases; iron-sulfur cluster; methylglyoxal; ergothioneine; ophthalmate; norophthalmate; IRON-SULFUR PROTEIN; GAMMA-GLUTAMYLCYSTEINE SYNTHETASE; GLUTAMATE-CYSTEINE LIGASE; 2FE-2S CLUSTER TRANSFER; INDUCED CELL-DEATH; ANABAENA PCC 7120; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; OXIDATIVE-STRESS; S-TRANSFERASE; MONOTHIOL GLUTAREDOXINS;
D O I
10.3390/antiox12061199
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学]; Q7 [分子生物学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
From bacteria to plants and humans, the glutathione system plays a pleiotropic role in cell defense against metabolic, oxidative and metal stresses. Glutathione (GSH), the & gamma;-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine nucleophile tri-peptide, is the central player of this system that acts in redox homeostasis, detoxification and iron metabolism in most living organisms. GSH directly scavenges diverse reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide and carbon radicals. It also serves as a cofactor for various enzymes, such as glutaredoxins (Grxs), glutathione peroxidases (Gpxs), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), which play crucial roles in cell detoxication. This review summarizes what is known concerning the GSH-system (GSH, GSH-derived metabolites and GSH-dependent enzymes) in selected model organisms (Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana and human), emphasizing cyanobacteria for the following reasons. Cyanobacteria are environmentally crucial and biotechnologically important organisms that are regarded as having evolved photosynthesis and the GSH system to protect themselves against the ROS produced by their active photoautotrophic metabolism. Furthermore, cyanobacteria synthesize the GSH-derived metabolites, ergothioneine and phytochelatin, that play crucial roles in cell detoxication in humans and plants, respectively. Cyanobacteria also synthesize the thiol-less GSH homologs ophthalmate and norophthalmate that serve as biomarkers of various diseases in humans. Hence, cyanobacteria are well-suited to thoroughly analyze the role/specificity/redundancy of the players of the GSH-system using a genetic approach (deletion/overproduction) that is hardly feasible with other model organisms (E. coli and S. cerevisiae do not synthesize ergothioneine, while plants and humans acquire it from their soil and their diet, respectively).
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页数:32
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