Contribution of Serendipita indica on growth improvement, antioxidative capacity of Dracocephalum kotschyi, and its resistance against cadmium stress

Cadmium pollution is a severe issue worldwide which causes an elevated concern in agriculture. The utilization of plant-microbial interactions offers a promising approach for the remediation of cadmium-polluted soils. To elucidate the mechanism of Serendipita indica-mediated cadmium stress tolerance, a potting experiment was conducted to study the impact of S. indica on Dracocephalum kotschyi plants grown under different cadmium concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg). The effects of cadmium and S. indica on plant growth, antioxidant enzyme activities, and accumulation of cadmium were investigated. The results showed that cadmium stress significantly decreases biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and carbohydrate content concomitantly with increasing antioxidant activities, electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide, proline, and cadmium content. Inoculation with S. indica alleviated the adverse effect of cadmium stress by enhancing shoot and root dry weight, photosynthetic pigments, and carbohydrate, proline, and catalase activity. Unlike cadmium stress, the presence of fungus led to a reduction in electrolyte leakage and hydrogen peroxide content as well as the content of cadmium in D. kotschyi leaf which mitigates cadmium-induced oxidative stress. Our findings demonstrated S. indica inoculation alleviates the adverse effects of cadmium stress in D. kotschyi plants which could prolong their survival under stressful conditions. Due to the importance of D. kotschyi and the effect of biomass increase on the amount of its medicinal substances, exploiting S. indica not only promotes plant growth, but also may be used as a potential eco-friendly method for relieving the phytotoxicity of Cd and remediating Cd-contaminated soil.