Influence of roasted flaxseed marc flour on rheological, structural, fermentation, water distribution, and migration properties of wheat dough

Roasted flaxseed (RF) marc, which is a by-product obtained from RF oil extraction, has high nutritional value. This study evaluated the impact of RF marc flour on rheological, structural, fermentation, water distribution, and migration properties of the wheat dough. Results showed that adding RF into wheat flour (WF) could effectively increase the water absorption in the dough and retard the retrogradation of starch. The fermentation results revealed that adding RF could improve the gas retention coefficient of dough. Compared to the dough prepared with WF, the doughs enriched with RF had higher tan delta values (ratio of loss modulus G '' to storage modulus G '), indicating a more liquid-like property. The mobility of tightly bound and free water in dough was decreased by adding RF, whereas the distribution of free water was increased. On the one hand, adding RF would dilute the gluten content in dough, resulting in a weaker protein network. On the other hand, the dietary fiber and proteins in RF could offset the gluten dilution effect to some extent. Overall, the results suggested that the substitution level of RF in WF should be below 25% to avoid serious dough quality deterioration, and the RF-WF blended flour could be a potential ingredient to produce wheat products with moist taste. These findings could be useful for guiding the future usage of RF marc in wheat-based products.