Navigating Biases and Distrust of Systems: American and Canadian Intimate Partner Violence Service Providers' Experiences with Trans and Immigrant Women Clients

To date, very little is known about intimate partner violence (IPV) service providers' experiences serving trans and immigrant women (IPV) survivors and their barriers in reporting and/or accessing formal services. Employingconstructivist grounded theory, two vignettes were constructed - one featuring a trans woman and the other an immigrant woman, both seeking IPV services. American and Canadian IPV service providers responded to open-ended survey questions about both scenarios, resulting in several emergent themes including, but not limited to: service provider biases, shelter conflicts, and distrust of systems. Policy implications and future research are also addressed.