Unraveling the importance of nitric oxide in plant-microbe interaction

Nitric oxide, because of having exceptional biochemical properties, is considered as a pluripotent signaling and effector molecule. It plays an important role in growth, development, abiotic stress, and plant immunity in plant. Microorganisms are present everywhere, and they live in close proximity to plants. Understanding the type of interaction between plants and microorganisms is a critical process since chemical communication is required to form the association between them, which is still a matter of debate. Nitric oxide (NO), produced by numerous living activities in bacteria, soil, and plants, works as a signal molecule to trigger several essential mechanisms occurring in plant-microbe association, contributing to managing the response and battle of plant defense. Notably, the important knowledge about NO development and its effective relationships with plants and microbes is poorly described. In particular, NO's role in plant-microbe interactions is discussed as a signaling molecule. The mechanisms underlying plant-microbe interactions were reported in this review in order to provide comprehensive perspectives into the biochemical and molecular processes of plant-microbe interaction.