Development of a Deep Eutectic Solvent-Assisted Kaempferol Hydrogel: A Promising Therapeutic Approach for Psoriasis-like Skin Inflammation

Psoriasis is an incurable inflammatory skin disease that is mediated by the immune system. Although kaempferol has been known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, its therapeutic effectiveness is often limited due to its poor water solubility and low bioavailability. To address these challenges, we developed a promising kaempferol hydrogel (DK-pGEL) using Pluronic F127 and a deep eutectic solvent (DES) with varying concentrations of kaempferol. In this study, we first evaluated the rheological properties and viscosity of the DK-pGEL hydrogel. The G' of DK-pGEL (similar to 14 kPa) hydrogels was significantly lower than the control group (similar to 30 kPa) at 37 degrees C. The DK-pGEL hydrogel exhibited ideal fluidity and viscosity at 37 degrees C, as demonstrated by its shear-thinning behavior. Moreover, the DK-pGEL hydrogel showed controlled release characteristics with a drug release of 97.43 +/- 5.37 mu g/mL over 60 h. Furthermore, in vitro antioxidant experiments revealed that DK-pGEL exhibited significant radical scavenging ability against the DPPH-radical (96.27 +/- 0.37%), ABTS-radical (98.11 +/- 0.79%), hydroxyl-radical (66.36 +/- 1.01%), and superoxide-radical (90.52 +/- 0.79%) at a concentration of 250 mu g/mL kaempferol. Additionally, DK-pGEL exhibited notable cellular antioxidant effects by inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation. Cell viability assays (CCK8) and live/dead cell assays were conducted to assess the cytotoxicity of DK-pGEL. The results showed that DK-pGEL could effectively inhibit HaCaT cell proliferation without causing significant cytotoxicity. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of DK-pGEL, an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced mouse model of psoriasis-like lesions was employed. Remarkably, the DK-pGEL hydrogel could significantly reduce the psoriasis area and severity index score, improve the histopathology induced by IMQ, and downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-17A) in the skin tissue. These findings demonstrate that the DES-assisted kaempferol hydrogel holds promise as a topical drug delivery system for psoriasis treatment.