Rejuvenating manganese-based rechargeable batteries: fundamentals, status and promise

Energy storage devices with advanced rechargeable batteries are highly demanded by our modern society. Electrode materials work as a key component in rechargeable batteries. Recently, advanced Mn-based electrode materials represent a potential candidate and have attracted enormous interest owing to their significant properties such as high voltage platform, high specific capacity, high energy density, cost-effectiveness, non-toxicity, and high operational safety. However, the critical dissolution issues of manganese ions seriously impede their development. In this review, firstly, the dissolution mechanism of manganese ions in the redox reaction process is demonstrated. Then, state-of-the-art modification strategies and approaches aimed at suppressing manganese dissolution are comprehensively illustrated. We have also introduced the recent applications of advanced Mn-based electrode materials in different types of rechargeable battery systems, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, and zinc-ion batteries. The future challenges and prospects of advanced Mn-based electrode materials are also proposed. This review provides a new pathway for the design of Mn-based electrodes for energy storage applications. Energy storage devices with advanced rechargeable batteries are highly demanded by our modern society.