Device Fingerprinting for Cyber-Physical Systems: A Survey

The continued growth of the cyber-physical system (CPS) and Internet of Things technologies raises device security and monitoring concerns. For device identification, authentication, conditioning, and security, device fingerprint/fingerprinting (DFP) is increasingly used. However, finding the correct DFP features and sources to establish a unique and stable fingerprint is challenging. We present a state-of-the-art survey of DFP techniques for CPS device applications. We investigate the numerous DFP features, their origins, characteristics, and applications. Additionally, we discuss the DFP characteristics and their sources in detail, taking into account the physical contexts of various entities (i.e., machines, sensors, networks, and computational devices), as well as their software and applications for the CPS. We believe that this article will provide researchers and developers with insights into the DFP and its applications, sources, aggregation methods, and factors affecting its use in CPS domains.