Double-charged self-assembled rGO/g-C3N4 membrane prepared by ?functional group substitution? for heavy metal ions rejection at low pressure

Heavy metals are still the critical pollutants in industrial wastewater and there is an urgent need for efficient and environ-mentally friendly treatment technologies. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is widely used for preparations of nanofiltration (NF) membranes but suffers from poor hydrophilicity and electronegativity. In this work, a double-charged rGO/g-C3N4-P membrane was prepared for removal of heavy metals at low pressure. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) assisted reduction of GO membranes under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and the modification of functional groups with high polarity im-proved the hydrophilicity of membrane surface. The filtration performance for heavy metals of rGO/g-C3N4-P membrane was evaluated under low pressure (1-2 bar). The rejection rates of Cu2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ by membranes reduced by UV for 18 h (rGO/g-C3N4-18-P membrane) reached 94.72 %, 98.05%, 82.32 %, 88.2 % and 77.15%, respec-tively. In the experiment of mixed simulated wastewater, the rejection rates of NO3- and SO42- both reached >95 %. Out-standing rejection rates were attributed to the interaction and the synergy effect of double-charged layers as well as steric effects. Meanwhile, the water flux of rGO/g-C3N4-18-P membrane was as high as 37.14-50.16 L m-2h-1bar-1 (1-2 bar). The high flux was due to the reduced degree of oxidation so that water molecules transported between GO nanochannels more smoothly and the transport path was shortened through the nanopores of g-C3N4. Obviously, flux and heavy metal rejection of rGO/g-C3N4-18-P membrane were simultaneously improved, breaking "trade-off" effect. Furthermore, rGO/ g-C3N4-18-P membrane showed excellent antifouling ability and the potential for heavy metal wastewater filtration in comparison with other NF membranes reported in literature.