Simiao pill attenuates collagen-induced arthritis and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by suppressing the JAK2/STAT3 and TGF-β/Smad2/3 signalling pathway

Ethnophamacological relevance: Simiao Pill (SM) as a classic prescription of traditional Chinese medicine treat-ment of damp-heat arthralgia, the earliest from 'Cheng Fan Bian Du ', written by the Qing Dynasty doctor Zhang Bingcheng. Previous studies have shown that SM has obvious curative effect on rheumatoid arthritis, which provides a basis for the application of SM in rheumatoid arthritis related complications.Aim of the study: Interstitial lung disease (ILD), as the most severe complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), lacks effective clinical treatments , a corresponding animal model. Simiao pill (SM) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription extensively used as a complementary and alternative treatment for RA. However, the effect and mechanism of SM on RA-ILD have not yet been reported. This study aimed to investigate an appropriate animal model that can simulate RA-ILD , the efficacy, safety, and mechanism of SM on RA-ILD.Methods: Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model were combined to construct the CIA-BLM model. After the intervention of SM, the protective effects of SM on RA-ILD were determined by detecting the CIA mouse arthritis index (AI), Spleen index, and the extent of pulmonary fibrosis. The joint inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis were detected by immunohistochemistry, H&E staining, safranin-O fast green Sirius red staining, trap staining, and Masson staining. Finally, the mechanism was verified by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.Results: Our work showed that SM significantly reduced joint swelling, arthritis index, pulmonary fibrosis score, and spleen index in CIA mice. The pathological examination results indicated Si-Miao Pill suppressed inflam-mation, pulmonary fibrosis, bone erosion, and cartilage degradation of the ankle joint. Besides, SM up-regulated expressions of E-cadherin, whereas down-regulated expressions of alpha-SMA. Further studies confirmed that SM regulated JAK2/STAT3 and TGF-I3/SMAD2/3.Conclusion: SM can not only effectively improve joint inflammation by JAK2/STAT3 Pathway but also inhibit pulmonary fibrosis by TGF-I3/SMAD2/3. The fibrosis induced by CIA-BLM model was more stable and obvious than that induced by CIA model alone.