Korean Red Ginseng slows coreceptor switch in HIV-1 infected patients

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) that binds to the coreceptor CCR5 (R5 viruses) can evolve into viruses that bind to the coreceptor CXCR4 (X4 viruses), with high viral replication rates governing this coreceptor switch. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) treatment of HIV-1 infected patients has been found to slow the depletion of CD4+ T cells. This study assessed whether the KRG-associated slow depletion of CD4+ T cells was associated with coreceptor switching. Methods: This study included 146 HIV-1-infected patients naive to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and seven patients receiving ART. A total of 540 blood samples were obtained from these patients over 122 +/- 129 months. Their env genes were amplified by nested PCR or RT-PCR and subjected to direct sequencing. Tropism was determined with a 10% false positive rate (FPR) cutoff. Results: Of the 146 patients naive to ART, 102 were KRG-naive, and 44 had been treated with KRG. Evaluation of initial samples showed that coreceptor switch had occurred in 19 patients, later occurring in 38 additional patients. There was a significant correlation between the amount of KRG and FPR. Based on initial samples, the R5 maintenance period was extended 2.35-fold, with the coreceptor switch being delayed 2.42-fold in KRG-treated compared with KRG-naive patients. The coreceptor switch occurred in 85% of a homogeneous cohort. The proportion of patients who maintained R5 for >= 10 years was significantly higher in long-term slow progressors than in typical progressors. Conclusion: KRG therapy extends R5 maintenance period by increasing FPR, thereby slowing the cor-eceptor switch.(c) 2022 The Korean Society of Ginseng. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).