HnRNP A2/B1 as a potential anti-tumor target for triptolide based on a simplified thermal proteome profiling method using XGBoost

Background: Triptolide (TP) is a highly active natural medicinal ingredient with significant potential in anticancer. The strong cytotoxicity of this compound suggests that it may have a wide range of targets within cells. However, further target screening is required at this stage. Traditional drug target screening methods can be significantly optimized using artificial intelligence (AI).Purpose: This study aimed to identify the direct protein targets and explain the multitarget action mechanism of the anti-tumor effect of TP with the help of AI.Methods: The CCK8, scratch test, and flow cytometry analysis were used to examine cell proliferation, migration, cell cycle, and apoptosis in tumor cells treated with TP in vitro. The anti-tumor effect of TP in vivo was evaluated by constructing a tumor model in nude mice. Furthermore, we established a simplified thermal proteome analysis (TPP) method based on XGBoost (X-TPP) to rapidly screen the direct targets of TP.Results: We validated the effects of TP on protein targets through RNA immunoprecipitation and pathways by qPCR and Western blotting. TP significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis in vitro. Continuous administration of TP to tumor mice can significantly suppress tumor tissue size. We verified that TP can affect the thermal stability of HnRNP A2/B1 and exert anti-tumor effects by inhibiting HnRNP A2/B1-PI3K-AKT pathway. Adding siRNA to silence HnRNP A2/B1 also significantly down-regulated expression of AKT and PI3K.Conclusion: The X-TPP method was used to show that TP regulates tumor cell activity through its potential interaction with HnRNP A2/B1.