Data-driven-based distributionally robust optimization approach for a virtual power plant considering the responsiveness of electric vehicles and Ladder-type carbon trading

To encourage the utilization of decentralized renewable energy systems, a data-driven-based distributionally robust optimization (DRO) model is proposed for a virtual power plant (VPP) considering the responsiveness of electric vehicles (EVs) and a ladder -type carbon trading mechanism (LT-CTM). An EV virtual energy storage (EV-VES) calculation model for dispatchable power is formulated to facilitate the centralized scheduling of EVs, considering responsiveness and spatial-temporal distribution characteristics. Additionally, multiple kinds of energy storage systems and flexible loads are considered in the VPP. Furthermore, to handle multiple uncertainties for both the renewable energy and load, Latin hypercube sampling is applied to generate the renewable energy scenarios, and K-means clustering is used to obtain typical scenes. Then the DRO model is used to solve the dispatch problem. An LT-CTM is leveraged to reduce carbon emissions. The column and constraint generation algorithm is then employed to identify an optimal operational benefit solution. Finally, a multi-parameter coupling analysis of ladder -type carbon trading is used for the environmental protection and economy of the VPP. The results confirm the efficacy of the proposed day-ahead scheduling model, offering a theoretical reference for operators when making scheduling decisions.