The effect of environmental factors on seed germination and emergence of cutleaf geranium

Background: Cutleaf geranium (Geranium dissectum L) is a weed found in cereals and grasslands. Knowledge about the germination response of weeds under various environmental conditions is critical for their effective management, whereas such study has not been carried out thoroughly on this species.Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of some environmental factors on seed germination and emergence of cutleaf Methods: The seeds were subjected to various environmental factors including water potentials, salinity, pH, high temperatures, burial depth and flooding at the temperature resulting in the highest germination (10 degrees C). All experiments were carried out twice, which were done consecutively.Results: Germination percentage was halved at a water potential of-0.6 MPa, and no germination was observed at-2 MPa. Geranium dissectum seeds had negligible germination at 200 mM NaCl concentration. Seeds germinated over a pH range of 5-8, with the highest germination at pH between 6 and 7. Germination of this species reached from 85.0% after treatment at 80 degrees C but no seeds germinated after exposure to 120 degrees C. Maximum emergence was estimated 88.8%, which was halved at 2.2 cm depth. No emergence was observed at 4 cm or greater depths. Germination was 88.4% to 0% 15 days after flooding.Conclusions: This species may not usually be found in areas with poor environmental conditions, and a semi-deep tillage or inclusion of rice in crop rotation may be used to control this weed.