Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) for executive function on subjects with ADHD: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder with a high risk of multiple mental health and social difficulties. Executive function domains are associated with distinct ADHD symptom burdens. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) mainly includes repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which is a promising technique, but its impact on the executive function of ADHD is uncertain. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to derive solid and updated estimates on the effect of NIBS on executive function in children/adults with ADHD.Methods and analysisA systematic search will be performed through EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases from inception until 22 August 2022. Handsearching of grey literature and the reference lists of selected articles will also be conducted. Empirical studies assessing the effect of NIBS (TMS or tDCS) on executive function in children or adults with ADHD will be included. Two investigators will independently perform literature identification, data extraction and risk of bias assessment. Relevant data will be pooled by a fixed-effects or random-effects model according to I-2 statistic. Sensitivity analysis will be performed to test the robustness of the pooled estimates. Subgroup analyses will be conducted to investigate the potential heterogeneity. This protocol will generate a systematic review and meta-analysis that comprehensively synthesises the evidence on the NIBS treatment of executive function deficit of ADHD.Ethics approval is not required as this is a protocol for a systematic review of published literature. The results will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal or a conference.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022356476.