Building digital twinning: Data, information, and models

This study proposes a novel framework and methodology for building digital twinning (BDT) over the life cycle of a building. It aims to establish an intrinsic digital twin framework and methodology in the building sector, considering the inherent characteristics of the building industry compared with other industries, such as manufacturing. Thus, the framework includes digital twin elements, functional requirements, and enabling techniques and provides in-depth insight into the implementation of digital twin modeling for building operations. The key elements comprise data, information, and mathematical models. In terms of the elements, functional requirements include transfer, extension/augmentation, and correction/update. These requirements are identified and discussed, and enabling techniques are selected and orchestrated to establish digital twins and fulfill the requirements. Digital twin modeling methodologies and strategies are suggested for each building life cycle stage (i.e., design, commissioning, and operation) in terms of data, information, and models (DIM) to overcome the challenges of digital twinning for real building operations. Future research directions are discussed to realize building digitalization.