Transient and altitude performance analysis of hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engines with different charging concepts

In the internal combustion engine industry, there is a significant shift towards alternative fuels to accomplish zero net carbon dioxide emissions as well as the legislation requirements. According to former studies, in addition to its advantages of being carbon-free and having appropriate combustion characteristics, low nitrogen oxide engine-out emission levels are achieved at lean burn combustion of hydrogen. Lean combustion leads to a turbocharging system requirement. Which is then utilized to generate the expected power output at high alti-tudes and during transient maneuvers.This study aims to determine the ideal air-charging vessel which can meet the objectives of high altitude. Which is 0 % torque derate and transient response time with respect to 0 %-90 % of maximum torque which is typically similar to 3-4 s for diesel engines, while keeping the lean combustion to release ultra-low NOX emissions. Different charging concepts have been investigated by applying 1-D thermodynamic modeling on a H2ICE with a direct injection system which is for heavy-duty vehicles.